Proximity

Proximity explains how we group nearby figures together.

Because of this principle, when pairs of columns of dots are close to each other, we see 3 sets of 2 columns of dots rather than 6 columns of dots. We use this with many everyday objects and pictures throughout our lives.

similarity

Similarity is the most basic principal of the perception laws. Its the idea that you place items or people that look similar into groups.

For example, in a soccer game you group the two teams together by their different uniforms they wear so while you play and watch you can tell who is on which team.

Relative Size

Relative size is a Monocular cue that explains that if two objects are the same size the object that looks the largest will be judged as being closest to the observer.

For example in the two pictures it appears that the second person is smaller when really they are just closer to the observer. Both people are really the same size. The distance from the observer makes the closer person appear bigger.

Texture Gradient

Texture gradient is a Monocular cue in which when one is looking at an object or feature that extends into the distance the texture becomes less and less apparent the farther it goes on into the distance.

For example, in a grassy field you can see the texture of the grass near you but as you look farther and farther into the distance you loose sight of the texture and the grass looks smooth and green.

Shape Constancy

Shape constancy is the tendency at which you perceive an object having the same shape regardless of the orientation or the angle from which you view it. We do this with most objects in our life. For example, when you look head on at a picture frame, it appears to be rectangle. When you step to the side it appears to be the same but really the image processed by our retina is a trapezoid.

Motion Perception

Motion Perception is the process of inferring the speed the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. We perceive motion when there are changes in spatial distribution of light, and over time it can lead to motion perception. We see this when watching a person jog. The movement can be individual or unified.
We perceive a few different types of movement.
Real: The light physically moves.
Apparent: Lights flash one after the other with close to 40-200 milliseconds in between. The movement is perceived from one light to the other.
Induced: Light is surrounded by a larger object that is moved. The light appears to move in opposite directions.
Auto-kinetic: Light that is seen in a completely dark environment. The light can be perceived in any direction.
Movement after-effect: Light appears to be moving in opposite directions.

A Binocular Cue

A binocular cue helps you judge how far things are due to the fact that you have two eyes. In this picture, the subject has one finger about six inches away from their face, and another 12 inches away. switching between looking from one to the other is an example of a binocular cue. You will feel the muscles in your eye switching to show how one is closer than the other.